Those aren’t white papers. They are scientific papers.

White papers are written by companies as a marketing tool. The first two papers you linked above are written by universities and the last one by a research-focussed non-profit.

As per Wikipedia:

Since the 1990s, this type of document has proliferated in business. Today, a business-to-business (B2B) white paper falls under grey literature, more akin to a marketing presentation meant to persuade customers and partners, and promote a certain product or viewpoint.

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper

It’s a marketing presentation masquerading as a fake scientific paper.